Week 2—2 Peer Response 800w. due9-15-23

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Week 2—2 Peer Response 800w. due9-16-23

Instructions:

Please read and respond to the two peers' initial postings for week 2 below. Consider the following questions in your responses.

Compare and contrast your initial posting with those of your peers.  

1. How are they similar or how are they different?

2. What information can you add that would help support the responses of your peers?

3. Ask your peers a question for clarification about their post.

4. What most interests you about their responses? 

5. Summaries at least 1 evidence based article that supports there point.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.

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Response 1 400 words

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Week 2 Discussion: Neurotransmitters

Describe the chemical and electrical processes used in neurotransmission.

        The central and peripheral nervous system both have a very complex and precise structure. The brain has trillions of specialized nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are connected to each other via synapses. Each neuron is connected to thousands of other neurons. Synapses serve as specialized centers that direct communication between neurons via a mechanism known as neurotransmission (Masoli et al., 2022). In other words, neurotransmission means how an impulse moves through one neuron to another neuron. Pulses can move through neurons electrically or chemically.

        Electrical process involves cell membranes. Each neuron has a cell membrane that separates intracellular space from extracellular space and has electrical charge (ions). When a signal arrives to the cell membrane, the ion channels both voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs) and voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs ) open and NA+  ions can transfer through these channels and create electrical signals (action potential). This electrical signal will move through axons to reach to the axon terminal (presynaptic nerve terminal) and opens calcium channels.

        According to Huang et al. (2022), in the nervous system, the functioning of brain circuits depends on the accurate integration of synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters at a region known as the presynaptic active zone. When an action potential reaches these vesicles and calcium ions are transferred, the neurotransmitters are released from these vesicles. In other words, electrical impulses within the neuron are then transformed into chemical messengers, a process known as Excitation–Secretion Coupling. When these messengers (neurotransmitters) are released, they activate the receptors on a postsynaptic neuron. Communication within a neuron is electrical, while communication between neurons is chemical (Stahl, 2021). A single synapse can have many communication lines, each using its own neurotransmitter, and each neurotransmitter can be understood by a different set of receptors. This complex setup allows for rich and diverse communication between nerve cells (Agnati et al., 2023).

Why are depolarizations referred to as excitatory postsynaptic potentials and hyperpolarization as inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?

        The neurotransmitter can affect the postsynaptic neuron's cell membrane in two different ways. If the neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and reduces the negative charge of the cell membrane, causing slight depolarization, the postsynaptic neuron will reach the threshold to initiate an action potential and transmit signals further along the neural pathway. This process is called Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP). In other words, when the neurotransmitter depolarizes the postsynaptic cell membrane, it is termed excitatory because it initiates an action potential (Stahl, 2021).

        On the other hand, if the neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic cell membrane and creates a more negative charge, hyperpolarization occurs. In this case, the postsynaptic neuron receives an inhibitory signal, which means the neuron moves further away from the threshold for initiating an action potential. This pathway is referred to as Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP). The balance between EPSP and IPSP regulates the activity of neurons (Stahl, 2021).

What are the differences between absolute and relative refractory periods?

        When a neuron has been depolarized and an action potential has been created, this neuron is not anymore able to start another action potential for a limited amount of time. The duration, lasting approximately 1-2 milliseconds, beginning with the initiation of the action potential and extending just beyond the spike potential. This period is referred to as the Absolute Refractory Period (ARP). It's important to note that, even in response to stronger or supra threshold stimuli, no additional action potentials can be generated during the ARP. During this period, sodium channels are closed and sodium ions are not able to flow and create another action plan (Kartik et al., 2023). This is because the system prefers to create one-directional manner and prevent backward transmission of signals along the neuron's axon.

        Relative refractory period usually follows absolute refractory period. Some neurons acquire their abilities to create another action potential little by little, however, the signal should be stronger to depolarize the neurons. Following the inactivation of the sodium (Na) channels, the opening of potassium (K) channels leads to the efflux of K ions. Subsequent recovery of the Na channels from their inactivated state permits the generation of a second action potential. However, due to the sustained efflux of K ions, there is a natural resistance to further depolarization. As a result, a stimulus stronger than the norm is required to start a second action potential (Kartik et al., 2023). This period, lasting approximately 3-4 milliseconds after the absolute refractory period, during which a second action potential can be fired with stronger stimuli due to the recovery of Na channels. The reason of this period is that some ion channels have been recovered and now are able to open their channels and let the sodium ions to flow and create action plan. The relative refractory period is usually longer that absolute refractory period. These refractory periods help to ensure proper timing in neural circuits (Stahl, 2021). 

References

Agnati, L. F., Guidolin, D., Cervetto, C., Guido, M., & Marcoli, M. (2023). Brain structure and function: Insights from chemical neuroanatomy.
 Life, 13(4), 940. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040940Links to an external site.

Huang, S., Piao, C., Beuschel, C. B., & Zhao, Z. (2022). A brain-wide form of presynaptic active zone plasticity orchestrates resilience to brain aging in Drosophila.
 PLoS Biology, 20(12) 
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001730Links to an external site.

Kartik, S., Hrudini, D., Aparna, J., Navya, T., & Chelliah, S. (2023). “Knowing it before blocking It,” the ABCD of the peripheral nerves: Part A (Nerve anatomy and physiology).
 Cureus, 15(7) https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41771

Masoli, S., Rizza, M. F., Tognolina, M., Prestori, F., & D’Angelo, E. (2022). Computational models of neurotransmission at cerebellar synapses unveil the impact on network computation.
 Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience,

 
https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2022.1006989Links to an external site.

Stahl, S. M. (2021). 
Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical application (5th ed.). 

Response 2. 400 words

Describe the chemical and electrical processes used in neurotransmission.

Neurons which are nerve cells can communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. Communication occurs at the synapses; this is the site where chemical transmission occurs (Lovinger, 2008). Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters which are then received by the postsynaptic neuron also referred to as the neurotransmitter receptor protein (Lovinger, 2008). Neurotransmitter molecules bind to the receptor protein thus changing its function. Electrical signals also called action potential on the other hand are a result of charged particles that create rapid conduction from one end of the cell through the axon and to the next, its speed is dependent on the myelin sheath (Lall, 2023)

Why are depolarizations referred to as excitatory postsynaptic potentials and hyperpolarization as inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?

Depolarizations are referred to as excitatory postsynaptic potentials and hyperpolarization as inhibitory postsynaptic potentials due to the synaptic response that is facilitated by the Ligand-gated ion channels. In other words, the response of the postsynaptic neurons determines if it is excitatory (fires an action potential) or inhibitory (doesn’t fire an action potential) (Lovinger, 2008). Depolarization refers to the opening of sodium ion channels allowing an influx of sodium to enter the cell membrane increasing the likelihood of an action potential. This is followed by resting potential and rapid repolarization (Grider, 2023).

What are the differences between absolute and relative refractory periods?

An absolute refractory period is a period that follows an action potential in which a second action potential cannot occur due to the inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Grider, 2023). Whereas the relative refractory period is the duration of time in which a second action potential can occur. During this time sodium channels move from an inactive state to a closed state, however, in order for an action potential to happen a larger amount of stimulation is needed (Grider, 2023).

 

References

Grider, M. H. (2023, May 8). 
Physiology, action potential. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538143/#:~:text=In%20neurons%2C%20the%20rapid%20rise,opening%20of%20potassium%20ion%20channels.

Lall, S. (2023, May 24). 
How do neurons communicate (so quickly)? – MIT McGovern Institute. MIT McGovern Institute. https://mcgovern.mit.edu/2019/02/28/ask-the-brain-how-do-neurons-communicate/

Lovinger, D. M. (2008). 
Communication Networks in the Brain: Neurons, Receptors, Neurotransmitters, and Alcohol. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860493/#:~:text=Nerve%20cells%20(i.e.%2C%20neurons),the%20cell%20to%20the%20other.

 ReplyReply to Comment

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600 w6 p1

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What are the benefits of evaluating the role of outcomes in practice change through research? Discuss how you would evaluate the roles of outcomes through a change proposed from research findings.

Expectations

Initial Post:

keep all posts you win on bids in US sources

  • Length: A minimum of 250 words, not including references
  • Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years

Peer Responses:

Interview #2

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INTERVIEW WITH A CULTURALLY DIVERSE CLIENT:
Conduct an interview with either a client or a previous healthcare consumer (this may be a neighbor, a volunteer, or a total stranger). Please be mindful of HIPPA and provide for confidentiality. Do not identify the interviewee.
• What are the client’s origins? Where were they born? Do they speak another language? (10 Points)
• How do they access the healthcare system? What resources are used? (10 Points)
• Do they have a primary care physician/nurse practitioner? (10 Points)
• Identify any healthcare disparities associated with the client. (10 Points)
• Did their socioeconomic status influence their level of or quality of healthcare? (10 Points)
• Have they ever experienced any issues during their care while at a healthcare facility? (10 Points)
• What specific needs would they like to have addressed when visiting a healthcare practitioner/facility? (10 Points)
• Do they require assistance with community resources to improve their level of care? (5 Points)

o If yes, provide a teaching moment and document this in your interview.
o If no, provide a listing of resources for future use if needed. Refer to the following link for Monroe County:
http://monroe.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/clinical-and-nutrition-services/_documents/community-resource-guide.pdfLinks to an external site.

Judaism

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Judaism Discussion

After studying 

Module 3: Lecture Materials & Resources
, as well as reviewing the 

Judaism Resources
 page, discuss the following:

In your reading of 
Chapter 10 – Encountering Judaism: The Way of God’s People as well as the other readings for the week, you have gained a better understanding of central themes of Judaism. As you learned more about the religion, you may have noticed the many similarities that Judaism shares with Christianity as the relationship between the two religions rather unique. Christianity is rooted in Judaism historically, scripturally, liturgically, and even theologically. No two major world religions have so much in common. Below are a handful of the common elements shared by these two religions, however it is important to note that even though these religions share several common elements, they articulate them differently. Last week, we expounded upon how some of these themes are understood in the context of Catholicism and now you will describe how they are understood in Judaism.

Select the two themes  below and present the Jewish teaching on the chosen theme.

· Jewish Understanding of God

· Freedom and Free Will


Each selected theme must:

· Each theme must Be explained in at least two paragraphs

· Incorporate at least 2 direct quotations with accompanying in-text citations from either the required weekly readings or a resource found on the “Judaism Resources” page linked below

Genitourinary Conditions

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 A 53-year-old male patient with complaints of non-specific abdominal pain is admitted to the hospital with hematuria and is undergoing diagnostic testing for bladder cancer.  

NR324/NR329 Nancy Gilbert simulations

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1. You are the nurse caring for a patient with a tracheostomy. What communication strategies can you
promote with your patient in order to effectively interact and communicate?
2. You are the nurse caring for a patient with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
a) What is MRSA?
b) Describe the precautions required when providing care to this patient.
c) List topics to include in the patient and family education.
3. Describe the assessment cues and nursing interventions for infiltration and extravasation of an
intravenous (IV) catheter

week 1

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Given the critical role of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in maintaining overall health, how can nurse practitioners effectively assess and identify subtle imbalances in their patients? What are the key factors to consider when developing individualized treatment plans?

M650-4

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Each student is expected to post at least twice. For your original post, please select one probability problem to work on. Reply to at least one class member’s post. Replies should be meaningful. Avoid responses such as “Great job”, “I agree with you”, etc., that do not add content.

SAMPLE SPACES

1. A Girl Named Florida

Here’s a three-part puzzler. For each part list the sample space. Listing the sample space will make the probability clear. You can denote Boy as B, Girl as G, and Florida as F when listing a sample space. For example, the sample space of the birth events boy-girl and girl-girl is {BG, GG}.

  1. Your friend has two children. What is the probability that both are girls?
  2. Your friend has two children. You know for a fact that at least one of them is a girl. What is the probability that the other one is a girl?
  3. Your friend has three children. One is a girl named Florida and one is a girl named Holley. What is the probability that the first child is a boy?

2. A Game Show

Let’s say you are a contestant on a game show. The host of the show presents you with a choice of 4 doors, which we will call doors 1, 2, 3, and 4. You do not know what is behind each door, but you do know that a new Cadillac Escalade and 3 old cars are randomly placed behind the doors. The host knows where the Escalade is. The game is played out is as follows. The host lets you choose a door. The host opens a door with an old car and asks you whether or not you want to change your door choice.

  1. Visualization is a powerful tool. Download the 4-Door Game Show Worksheet Worksheet (<-- Click it).
  2. Fill in the empty text boxes with Escalade or Old Car as determined by the sample spaces contestant keeps or switches doors.
  3. Complete the calculation P(Win | Switch door) and P(Win | Keep door) by revising “?” to the number of favorable outcomes.
  4. Attach your completed worksheet to your post.
  5. Should the contestant switch doors?

PROBABILITY

3. A Birthday Problem

There are 30 people in this class.

a) What is the probability that at least 2 of the people in the class share the same birthday?

b) If P(at least 2 of the people in the class share the same birthday) = 25%, how many people are in the class?

4. Addition Rules and Real Estate

You are a realtor. In your area there are 50 starter homes, 75 mid value homes without solar power, 15 mid value homes with solar power, 35 high value homes without solar power, and 25 high value homes with solar power. If a home is picked randomly to show

a) What is the probability it has solar power and it is a mid-value home?

b) What is the probability it has solar power or it is a mid-value home?

c) What is the probability it has not solar power and not a mid-value home?

CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

5. Disease Testing, True and False Positives

0.05% of adults over the age of 60 have lung cancer, 95% of adults who have lung cancer will test positive (the accuracy of the test for people with the disease), and 90% percent of adults that do NOT have lung cancer will test negative (accuracy of the test for people without the disease).

a) Compute the probability of having disease and testing positive (true positive)

b) Compute the probability of not having disease and testing positive (false positive).

c) Compute P(positive test).

d) Compute P(disease | test positive).

e) If somebody tests positive for that disease, is there a 99% chance that they have the disease?

6. Real Estate

You are a realtor. In your area there are 50 starter homes, 75 mid value homes without solar power, 15 mid value homes with solar power, 35 high value homes without solar power, and 25 high value homes with solar power. If a home is picked randomly to show,

Using the data, make your own conditional probability problem.

You must start a thread before you can read and reply to other threads
 

SOAP NOTE ABOUT THE HEALTHY ADULTS

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     How do acute or chronic health conditions impact a healthy individual ? 

customers d2

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Discuss the needs of potential customers who could benefit from your nursing expertise. What are some of the known attributes of successful entrepreneurs?

Expectations

Initial Post:

  • Length: A minimum of 250 words, not including references
  • Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years