Find a published research study on a topic that you could use for your DNP project that reported ORs or RRs(NO meta-analysis)

• Give the purpose/objective/aim of the study exactly as it is written in the study.
  • What is the population in the study?
  • Identify the variables in the study that you will focus on. Designate the variables as an IV and DV. What is the level of measurement of the variables (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio), and type (categorical or continuous)?
• If one or more hypotheses were stated in the article for the OR or RR, give the one you will focus on here. Give the stated hypothesis as an equation. Write the other hypothesis (the Ho or Ha that was not given) in words and an equation. If a hypothesis was not stated, then restate the purpose/objective/aim as a null hypothesis in words and equation format. Do this for both a null and alternative hypothesis. Again, focus on only two sets of variables tested by an OR or RR. Use the format in the handout attached to the announcement for this week.
• What is the assumption for ORs or RRs (cite the source where you find it)? Is it met in this study? Provide information given in the study that can be used to determine whether each assumption is or is not met. What information is not given?
• What alpha level (level of significance) was used?
• Give the descriptive statistics for at least two risk factors and related outcome(s) analyzed by ORs or RRs.
• Give the values for the ORs or RRs and p-value for the risk factors named used for the descriptive statistics.
• Use the p-value rule to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
• What type of error is possible based on the decision about the null hypothesis? List the common reason(s) for this possible error and identify which of them applies to this study.
• If CIs are reported for the ORs or RRs, use the CI rule to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
• Do the risk factors increase or decrease the risk of the outcome or event? Explain your answer.
• Convert the OR or RR to a percentage and interpret the magnitude of the OR or RR.
• Determine the clinical significance of the ORs or RRs by using your knowledge, critical thinking, and experience with your patients and setting, would you incorporate the variables into your practice, for example, adding them to your assessment in order to identify patients at risk for the outcome or event? Is your evaluation of the clinical significance of the findings consistent with the statistical significance for the findings? Explain your rationale.

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Using one of the experimental studies that tested an intervention that you used previously in the course or a different study, complete these tasks and answer these questions:

• Provide the purpose/objective/aim of the study in the exact words used in the study.
• From the purpose/objective/aim of the study, identify:
  • The population
  • The intervention (independent variable)
  • The outcome (dependent) variable
    • What is the level of measurement of the DV (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio)? Provide the rationale based on the instrument used to measure the DV. What type of variable is the DV (categorical or continuous)?
• Write the null and alternative hypotheses in words and equation format for one of the inferential tests related to the purpose of the study.
• Give the values for the descriptive statistics for the outcome variable.
• What inferential test was used to test the effectiveness of the intervention? Give the rationale for this test based on the level of measurement of and the descriptive statistic reported for the outcome variable.
• What are the assumptions for this test (cite the source where you find them)? Are they met in this study? Provide information given in the study that can be used to determine whether each assumption is or is not met. What information is not given?
• Using the p-value rule, was the intervention effective based on statistical analysis? State the rule and the decision about the null hypothesis.
• Based on the decision related to the null hypothesis, what type of statistical error is possible? What are possible causes of this error? What did the researcher do to minimize the possible error?
• Identify at least two of the common statistical errors listed in Chapter 15 in the textbook to explain what the researcher could have done to avoid these mistakes and ensure the validity of the findings.
•  Using the Balkin & Lenz (2021), Barria (2023) or Ranganathan et al. (2016) article plus your clinical knowledge of the intervention and outcome variables, critical thinking, and your experience with your patients and setting, do the results of this study have clinical significance? Is the difference in the value of the descriptive statistic large enough to predict that the benefit of adopting the intervention would justify the cost (not just money) and effort of implementing the intervention? Does the clinical significance of the results of this study match the statistical significance? Explain your answer.

1. Describe three concepts addressed in this course that you believe will have the greatest impact on your practice after you have earned the Doctor of Nursing practice (DNP) degree. The concepts can be narrow, for example, the role of the null hypothesis in determining statistical significance. Or the concepts can be broad, for example, the importance of interpreting the clinical significance of findings when considering whether an intervention has a strong potential for making a positive change in the quality of care given to your patients in your setting.
2. Envision implementing practice projects in your setting. Have any practice projects been implemented in your setting or agency? If not, find an article that described in some detail the implementation of a practice change project. To what extent were research results used as the basis for the change? Describe the process and whether the project had a long-term positive effect. What are the facilitators in your setting that will help you implement this important aspect of the nurse with an advanced degree? What are the barriers in your setting to implementing this role?

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