See attachment for instruction

The family as the unit of service has received increasing
emphasis in nursing over the years. Today, family
nursing has an important place in nursing practice,
particularly in community health nursing. The community
health nurse is reviewing with the student nurses the
key concepts about the theoretical basis for family
health. The students are being asked questions about
family characteristics and the stages of the family life
cycle.
1. What are the five universal family characteristics
that community health nurses must recognize and
consider in their practice?
2. What are five attributes of families as social
systems that help explain how families function?
3. The community health nurse is sitting in a living
room talking with a young mother about her new
infant. Which stage in the family life cycle is this
young mother with a new infant in?
4. What are the six basic functions of a family?

1. Answers must:
   • Be 100 words or more
   • Use the standard English grammar and spelling
   • References are cited (if necessary)

#1

Unit 4 Policy Advocacy
Policy advocacy in healthcare is the process of influencing policies, regulations, and laws to improve patient outcomes, healthcare quality, and nursing practice. Nurses engage in policy advocacy to address healthcare disparities, enhance patient safety, and ensure equitable access to care (Chiu et al., 2021). Advocacy efforts can range from small grassroots movements to institutional policy changes and legislative initiatives, all aiming to make a more effective healthcare system.

Opportunities for Policy Advocacy at Various Levels
Nurses can engage in policy advocacy at multiple levels, including institutional, local, state, and national platforms. At the institutional level, nurses can participate in hospital committees to influence policies on patient care, staffing, and resource allocation (Williams et al., 2022). Locally, nurses can collaborate with community organizations to advocate for health programs and initiatives. At the state and national levels, nurses can work with professional organizations such as the National Association of Neonatal Nurses (NANN) and the American Nurses Association (ANA) to support legislation that impacts nursing practice and patient care. One emerging area for advocacy is the development of postpartum retreats and birth worker agencies that cater to all mothers, not just those in vulnerable populations. These services provide essential support for maternal mental health, breastfeeding success, and holistic postpartum recovery, advocating for a broader approach to maternal wellness beyond the traditional medical model (Smith et al., 2023).

The Role of the Nurse in Policy Advocacy
Nurses play a critical role in policy advocacy by using their clinical expertise and patient-centered perspectives to influence healthcare policies. As frontline caregivers, we witness disparities in care and can use our experiences to drive change. A nurse can participate in advocacy through professional organizations, serve on advisory boards, and provide testimony to policymakers regarding the needs of their patients (Turale & Kunaviktikul, 2019). Additionally, nurses educate patients and communities about health policies and work alongside legislators to shape laws that affect public health.

What Makes Nurses Effective Health Advocates for Policies and Revisions?
Nurses are effective health advocates due to their direct patient care experience, evidence-based knowledge, and trusted role in society. Their ability to communicate complex healthcare issues in relatable terms makes us strong advocates for policy change. Advocacy training, leadership development, and active participation in professional organizations further enhance nurses’ influence in shaping healthcare policies.

Policy Advocacy for the MOMMIES Act
One policy that is particularly significant to my nursing practice is the MOMMIES Act (H.R. 6004), which seeks to expand Medicaid coverage for maternal healthcare, ensuring that all mothers receive comprehensive prenatal and postpartum services. As a NICU nurse, I have witnessed firsthand how disparities in maternal care contribute to poor neonatal outcomes, particularly among Black mothers and infants. Advocating for the MOMMIES Act would involve collaborating with legislators, joining advocacy groups, and using evidence-based data to highlight the necessity of extended postpartum care and access to birth workers, including doulas and midwives (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2022). Key stakeholders include policymakers, healthcare providers, professional organizations, and the mothers directly affected by gaps in care. Vulnerable populations, particularly Black and Indigenous mothers, would benefit from improved access to quality maternal healthcare, reducing disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality.

By advocating for policies such as the MOMMIES Act, nurses can drive systemic change that directly impacts patient outcomes, ensuring that all mothers—regardless of socioeconomic status—receive the care they need. This experience reinforces my commitment to policy advocacy as an essential component of my nursing practice, pushing for reforms that align with equitable healthcare standards.

#2

Policy advocacy in healthcare involves influencing decisions, laws, and regulations to improve health outcomes, equity, and systemic issues. It ensures accessible, safe, and high-quality care for all populations (Whitsel et al., 2024). 

Opportunities for Policy Advocacy at Various Levels

• Local Level: Advocating for community health programs or influencing local government policies.
• State Level: Supporting state-wide initiatives like Medicaid expansion or stricter health regulations.
• National Level: Promoting federal policies such as affordable care acts or public health funding.
• Institutional Level: Advocating for organizational policies to improve working conditions and care delivery (Whitsel et al., 2024).
  Role of the Nurse in Policy Advocacy
  1. Identifying gaps in care and systemic needs.
  2. Building coalitions with healthcare professionals and policymakers.
  3. Educating stakeholders on the implications of policies.
  4. Representing vulnerable populations who face barriers to advocacy (Whitsel et al., 2024). 
     What Makes Nurses Effective Health Advocates?
     1. Expertise and Credibility: Nurses’ clinical knowledge and patient interaction provide a trustworthy perspective.
     2. Empathy and Advocacy Skills: Their commitment to patient care fosters a sense of duty to advocate for better policies.
     3. Communication Strength: Nurses effectively convey complex information to policymakers and the public.
     4. Leadership in Healthcare: Nurses often lead initiatives, showcasing their ability to drive change (Whitsel et al., 2024). 
        Policy Example: Nurse-Patient Staffing Ratios
        Improving nurse-patient staffing ratios is crucial to prevent burnout and ensure patient safety. Advocacy steps include:
        • Data Collection: Providing evidence linking poor staffing ratios to negative outcomes.
        • Public Campaigns: Raising awareness among stakeholders.
        • Policy Discussions: Engaging with legislators to mandate minimum staffing ratios.
        • Stakeholders: Nurses, hospital administrators, patients, families, and legislators.
          Vulnerable Populations Affected: Elderly patients, individuals with chronic illnesses, and marginalized groups who may receive suboptimal care in understaffed settings (Whitsel et al., 2024).