LEARNING CONTRACT

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Please see attached document.

DISCUSSION BOARD 5

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Describe incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality and hospitalizations of COVID-19, compared to the rate of vaccinations in different counties in Maryland. What is your analysis of vaccination rates in the state? 

Please give 3 scientific citation.

safe

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Please watch videos to be able to answer questions. Please click links 

Healthcare statistics dp3

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 There are many users, sources, and purposes for health care statistics. One of the significant sources of health care statistics is the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP, pronounced “H-Cup”). As the HCA, you mention this to your new CEO, but he says he is not familiar with it and asks you to put together a short description of it on how you and your colleagues make use of the data and information provided.

You will prepare a 400w description of HCUP for the CEO. Include the following in your description:

  • 1–2-sentence introduction to HCUP, including the agency that administers the project and its purpose
  • What types of data and reports are provided and who uses this resource.
  • An example of a report available to anyone on the site
    • Go to the Reports tab on the Home page. Click on the tab, and then select “HCUP Statistical Briefs – Chronological List.” 
    • From the list, choose a recent brief (the most recent are listed first in the list). 
    • Open and review the brief, and describe what it contains and the types of health care statistics and graphical presentations included in it (e.g., line graphs or pie charts).
  • Finish by including your thoughts about this Web resource and what you find valuable about it. 

Spending and the Healthcare Economy

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People have seen consistent rates of inflation over the past several decades in healthcare. This inflation has been driven by increases in costs for health insurance, technology utilization, and demand for qualified providers and facilities. Consider the many areas in which the U.S. healthcare system has seen steady rises in costs. Imagine you are a financial manager for an organization that has seen significant cost increases in the past few years or decades in an area related to your organization (e.g., supplies, technology, outside services). Prepare an outline for a proposal on how to help reduce or minimize these costs.Use your text as a resource for this assignment plus one other resource from the library. Please cite your sources. The outline should include the following:

  • Cost that is being looked at
  • History of increases
  • Potential future increases
  • 1–2 suggestions for improvement or change

Cost benefit Analysis Reply

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Expand on this explanation and provide an example that supports this explanation or respectfully challenging this explanation and providing an example. 

Cost Benefit Analysis and its Impact on Efforts to Repeal ACA

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 was one of the policies in the Obama administration that caused diverse political reactions among the legislators and the public. This policy attempted to address the social injustices in America by prioritizing healthcare delivery, especially to low-income individuals (McIntyre & Song, 2019). Legislators had divided opinions on implementing these policies, as most of them conducted a cost-benefit analysis on its suitability in resolving healthcare issues. The first attempt to replace ACA was in 2017 with the passing of the American Health Care Act (AHCA). Implementing the latter policy would mean that approximately half of the beneficiaries of the ACA would lose access to affordable healthcare services (Issar & Dilling, 2021). The AHCA also proposed a tax credit based on age, an aspect that would increase the cost of healthcare services. Reelection affected the success and implementation of the AHCA to replace ACA. Most citizens supported the ACA, and legislators had no option but to keep it for their reelection, as legislators who opposed it risked losing their seats.

The voters’ views affect the legislators’ positions on the policy as the voters have the power to reelect them. Milstead and Short (2019) ascertain that voters influence important political aspects and determine their implementation or rejection. The best example of the influence of voters on policy issues was the replacement of ACA with AHCA. The voters supported ACA because it increased accessibility and availability of quality healthcare but repelled the AHCA due to the associated taxes and increased healthcare service costs (Wilensky, 2018; Issar & Dilling, 2021). The legislators in the House of Representatives and Senate need the votes to secure their positions, and disagreeing with the voters’ opinions would disadvantage their political careers (Congress.gov, n.d.; United States Senate, n.d.). Therefore, supporting the policy that the citizens support at higher levels increases the chances of legislators retaining their seats, even when they disagree with the policy’s mandates.

Resources to use:

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) pathophysiology

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I have attached the rubric on how to do

Case 13

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See attached report

CAse study4

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 Esophageal Reflux Case Studies A 45-year-old woman complained of heartburn and frequent regurgitation of “sour” material into her mouth. Often while sleeping, she would be awakened by a severe cough. The results of her physical examination were negative. Studies Results Routine laboratory studies Negative Barium swallow (BS), p. 941 Hiatal hernia Esophageal function studies (EFS), p. 624 Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure 4 mm Hg (normal: 10–20 mm Hg) Acid reflux Positive in all positions (normal: negative) Acid clearing Cleared to pH 5 after 20 swallows (normal: <10 swallows) Swallowing waves Normal amplitude and normal progression Bernstein test Positive for pain (normal: negative) Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), p. 547 Reddened, hyperemic, esophageal mucosa Gastric scan, p. 743 Reflux of gastric contents to the lungs Swallowing function, p. 1014 No aspiration during swallowing Diagnostic Analysis The barium swallow indicated a hiatal hernia. Although many patients with a hiatal hernia have no reflux, this patient’s symptoms of reflux necessitated esophageal function studies. She was found to have a hypotensive LES pressure along with severe acid reflux into her esophagus. The abnormal acid clearing and the positive Bernstein test result indicated esophagitis caused by severe reflux. The esophagitis was directly visualized during esophagoscopy. Her coughing and shortness of breath at night were caused by aspiration of gastric contents while sleeping. This was demonstrated by the gastric nuclear scan. When awake, she did not aspirate, as evident during the swallowing function study. The patient was prescribed esomeprazole (Nexium). She was told to avoid the use of tobacco and caffeine. Her diet was limited to small, frequent, bland feedings. She was instructed to sleep with the head of her bed elevated at night. Because she had only minimal relief of her symptoms after 6 weeks of medical management, she underwent a laparoscopic surgical antireflux procedure. She had no further symptoms. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why would the patient be instructed to avoid tobacco and caffeine? 2. Why did the physician recommend 6 weeks of medical management? Case Studies Copyright © 2018 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 3. How do antacid medication work in patients with gastroesophageal reflux? 4. What would you approach the situation, if your patient decided not to take the medication and asked you for an alternative medicine approach? 

Reproduction

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Discuss what is happening on a cellular level with the disease process. Be careful to realize that patients have co-morbidities and you may need to discuss the other diseases impact on the pathophysiology and care of the patient.  Three (3) resources after 2008 are required along with APA format. 

Reproductive Case Study

Case Presentation:

An 20y.o., sexually active, college student has been experiencing dysuria for the last couple of days. At one point he noticed that a small amount of yellowish discharge from the tip of his penis. He is in a relationship with his first sexual partner for about 5 months. He has not experienced any similar incidents in this time frame and wonders if his partner has been monogamous. He made an appointment at the school clinic to seek care. He has provided a urine specimen for evaluation.

Physical Exam:

T, 100.6; HR 82, R 18, Bp 120/76.

Yellow discharge noted on penile area

Low back pain

Unilateral left painful, swollen scrotum

Culture was also done to identify the organism

Questioning occurred related to his sexual partners.

Test results came back positive for chlamydia.

Questions:

1. Originally considered a virus, Chlamydia is now recognized as a bacteria. Why is this so?

2. Chlamydial organisms are obligate non-motile intracellular parasites associated with many sexually transmitted diseases. Why?

3. Why can this virus remain latent or subclinical for years before it is diagnosed?

4. What are the treatment options for this patient? Note where you found the evidence to support this treatment.

5. Why did the medical professionals ask him about his sexual partners?

6. If untreated, what complications could occur to his sexual partner?

7. What education is needed for this patient to prevent this from occurring again?

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