English 101

/in /by

Assignment Guide: The Compare/Contrast Essay

Assignment Prompt

For this assignment, you will be writing a 
compare/
contrast essay–an 
exploratory piece of writing in which you attempt to show readers how two topics are similar, different, or a combination of the two: both similar and different. Whether you 
focus exclusively on comparing, exclusively on contrasting, or a mix of both, is totally up to you. However, regardless of which approach you decide to take, you will want to include a strong 
thesis/
claim statement, at least three effective 
supporting points, and a streamlined 
point-by-point organizational strategy. 

Assignment-Specific Requirements:

Length: This assignment should be at least 750 words. 


Thesis

: Underline your 
thesis statement or the main 
claim of your essay.

Sources Needed: Two reliable and 
credible sources are required for this assignment. Be sure to use 
MLA guidelines for all in-text and 
Works Cited citations. 

While we encourage you to acquire sources from Gale’s Opposing Viewpoints, you may access credible, 
scholarly sources from other resources.  Tertiary sources, such as online encyclopedias, dictionaries and Wikipedia, are not 
scholarly sources, and should not be cited within your work; however, they may offer helpful foundational information as you develop your understanding of an issue. (For more information, please review Berkley University’s resource on scholarly and popular sources: 
“Evaluating Resources.”)

Page Formatting: See 
Appendix C – Formatting and Submitting Your Work


MLA

 Requirements: See 
Formatting your Essay: MLA 8th Edition

Rhetorical Mode

Compare/
contrast essays are both creative and 
analytical in nature. They are typically more formal than a personal narrative in the sense that they are written from a 
third-person perspective, where a writer is not injecting their own opinion directly using “I” or “me” 
language. 

To prove points–
compare/
contrast essays rely on 
researched evidence, and not personal opinion or experience, per se. When you choose two topics, you will have numerous options for comparing and contrasting them–much more than you can actually use in a single paper. Therefore, you will need to decide what elements are worth comparing and contrasting, and why. This is the seek and discover part of the essay, but also the creative part. For example, another writer may choose the same two topics as you, but their essay may rest entirely on 
thesis and 
supporting points. When you limit your 
supporting points to those points you think you can prove most effectively, you are maximizing your creative and 
analytical writing abilities.  

Rhetorical Considerations

Purpose:

Remember that this is an 
exploratory paper: The piece of writing should show readers, through the inclusion of careful detail and specifics, and strong 
supporting points, how your two topics are similar, different, or a combination of the two: similar and different. 

Audience:

The 
compare/
contrast essay is written for someone else–either a single 
reader or a community of readers. When choosing the points you want to use to show readers that your topics are similar, different, or a combination of the two, you should keep this 
audience in mind, making sure that you are choosing the most effective points possible to show how your two topics are similar or different.     

In this instance, you are writing to show readers that your two topics are similar, different, or a combination of the two (similar and different). Keep this 
audience in mind by emphasizing the 
compare/
contrast 
claims throughout the essay. 

Form:

This is a formal writing project, written in 
third-person, relying on strong 
organizational strategies, integrating 
researched evidence, and following 
MLA formatting guidelines. 

Six Features of a 
Compare and 
Contrast Essay

1.

Compare

/

Contrast

 

Thesis

: Contains a strong and succinct 
thesis/
claim statement that outlines whether the two topics are similar, different, or a combination of the two, and at least three 
supporting points that can boost that 
claim. A sample 
compare/
contrast 
thesis might look like this:

Although curriculum A and curriculum B are similar in their student success goals, they are very different when it comes to their structure, topics, and scoring. 

2.

Transition

s: Utilizes 
transitional words and phrases that help the 
audience (or 
reader) move more easily from idea to idea, sentence to sentence, and paragraph to paragraph.  

1. *Note–
transitions do not only occur in topic sentences but throughout the essay. When you are moving from one idea to the next, whether between two sentences or between two paragraphs, you will want to include 
language that can help bridge your ideas (and sentences/paragraphs). Some examples might be “in addition to,” “next.”  

3.

Compare

/

Contrast

 Signals: In addition to more typical 
transitional words and phrases, this essay should also include 
compare/
contrast specific signals, emphasizing for readers how and why your topics are alike or different. Here are some example: 

1. similar: in addition, by comparison, similarly

2. different: however, in 
contrast, differing from

4.

Point-by-Point Organizational Strategy

: The essay should follow the point-by-point approach to showcase the use of 
transitions, 
synthesize your own 
supporting points with 
researched evidence, and build a fully developed essay with an 
introduction, several body paragraphs, and a 
conclusion. For this kind of 
organization, you will create a 
topic sentence for each 
body paragraph that outlines a 
compare/
contrast point regarding both topics and use the 
body paragraph to show readers how your two topics are similar, different, or similar and different. 

5.
Reliable and 

Credible Sources

: The essay should integrate at least two reliable and 
credible sources (also known as “
scholarly sources”) to help prove the 
compare/
contrast 
claims to readers and to boost or substantiate the 
supporting points that you have created for your two topics. 


Proofreading

 and 

Revising

: As with any writing project, the final draft of this essay should be carefully reviewed for clarity and correctness. This includes checking 
word choice, 
sentence structure, 
organization, 
transitions/coherence, and 
MLA formatting.

Choosing a Topic for Your 
Compare/
Contrast Essay

Selecting the right topic is an important step in ensuring your success in writing a 

Compare

/

Contrast

 essay. You’ll want to choose a topic that has the following features:

· Of interest to you

· Relevant

· Current

· Debatable 

· Well-researched

·
Narrow in scope

· Academic or “scholarly” in nature

Topics to avoid, as they are either too complex to 

compare

 and/or 

contrast

 in a single essay, or not considered appropriate for an academic or scholarly argument, are as follows:


For/against . . .

· The death penalty

· Euthanasia or self-assisted death

· Abortion 

· The (il)legalization of drugs (e.g. marijuana) 

· Religion or religious readings (e.g. existence of a higher order/being, or life after death)

· Gun rights/rules

· Global warming 

Please do not select one of the above topics, as your essay may be returned without grading, and you will be asked to rewrite it. 

Need assignment ideas?  

Take a look at this valuable resource from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Writing Center: 
 Topic Ideas

CHANGE IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

/in /by

It is one of the most cliché of clichés, but it nevertheless rings true: The only constant is change. As a nursing professional, you are no doubt aware that success in the healthcare field requires the ability to adapt to change, as the pace of change in healthcare may be without rival.

As a professional, you will be called upon to share expertise, inform, educate, and advocate. Your efforts in these areas can help lead others through change. In this Assignment, you will propose a change within your organization and present a comprehensive plan to implement the change you propose.

 To Prepare:

  • Review the Resources and identify one change that you believe is called for in your organization/workplace.
    • This may be a change necessary to effectively address one or more of the issues you addressed in the Workplace Environment Assessment you submitted in Module 4. It may also be a change in response to something not addressed in your previous efforts. It may be beneficial to discuss your ideas with your organizational leadership and/or colleagues to help identify and vet these ideas.
  • Reflect on how you might implement this change and how you might communicate this change to organizational leadership.

The Assignment (5-6-minute narrated PowerPoint presentation):

Change Implementation and Management Plan

Create a 5- or 6-slide narrated PowerPoint that presents a comprehensive plan to implement changes you propose. 

Your narrated presentation should be 5–6 minutes in length.

Your Change Implementation and Management Plan should include the following:

  • An executive summary of the issues that are currently affecting your organization/workplace (This can include the work you completed in your Workplace Environment Assessment previously submitted, if relevant.)
  • A description of the change being proposed
  • Justifications for the change, including why addressing it will have a positive impact on your organization/workplace
  • Details about the type and scope of the proposed change
  • Identification of the stakeholders impacted by the change
  • Identification of a change management team (by title/role)
  • A plan for communicating the change you propose
  • A description of risk mitigation plans you would recommend to address the risks anticipated by the change you propose

Alternate Submission Method

You may also use Kaltura Personal Capture to record your narrated PowerPoint. This option will require you to create your PowerPoint slides first. Then, follow the Personal Capture instructions outlined on the Kaltura Media UploaderLinks to an external site. page. This page will walk you through downloading the tool and help you become familiar with the features of Personal Capture. When you are ready to begin recording, you may turn off the webcam option so that only “Screen” and “Audio” are enabled. Start your recording and then open your PowerPoint to slide show view. Once the recording is complete, follow the instructions found on the “Posting Your Video in the Classroom Guide” found on the Kaltura Media page for instructions on how to submit your video. For this option, in addition to submitting your video, you must also upload your PowerPoint file which must include your speaker notes. 

Human Nutrition

/in /by

 

Reading and understanding food labels can often feel like having to understand an entirely new language. However, it is important that consumers are able to read and interpret the nutrient content in the foods they consume.

For this assignment, you will need to compare the nutrition labels (provided) for two types of crackers, and then answer a series of questions. Use the Food Label Worksheet below.

File: 

Food Label Worksheet 

This too

/in /by

Introduction

In your health care career, you will be confronted with many problems that demand a solution. By using research skills, you can learn what others are doing and saying about similar problems. Then, you can analyze the problem and the people and systems it affects. You can also examine potential solutions and their ramifications. This assessment allows you to practice this approach with a real-world problem.

Instructions

Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. At a minimum, be sure to address each point. In addition, you are encouraged to review the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed.

1. Describe the health care problem or issue you selected for use in Assessment 2 (from the 

Assessment Topic Areas
 media piece) and provide details about it.

· Explore your chosen topic. For this, you should use the first four steps of the 

Socratic Problem-Solving Approach
 to aid your critical thinking. This approach was introduced in Assessment 2.

· Identify possible causes for the problem or issue.

2. Use scholarly information to describe and explain the health care problem or issue and identify possible causes for it.

· Identify at least three scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles about the topic.

· You may find the 

How Do I Find Peer-Reviewed Articles?
 library guide helpful in locating appropriate references.

· You may use articles you found while working on Assessment 2 or you may search the Capella library for other articles.

· You may find the applicable Undergraduate Library Research Guide helpful in your search.

· Review the 

Think Critically About Source Quality
 to help you complete the following:

· Assess the credibility of the information sources.

· Assess the relevance of the information sources.

3. Analyze the health care problem or issue.

· Describe the setting or context for the problem or issue.

· Describe why the problem or issue is important to you.

· Identify groups of people affected by the problem or issue.

· Provide examples that support your analysis of the problem or issue.

4. Discuss potential solutions for the health care problem or issue.

· Describe what would be required to implement a solution.

· Describe potential consequences of ignoring the problem or issue.

· Provide the pros and cons for one of the solutions you are proposing.

5. Explain the ethical principles (Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy, and Justice) if potential solution was implemented.

· Describe what would be necessary to implement the proposed solution.

· Explain the ethical principles that need to be considered (Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy, and Justice) if the potential solution was implemented.

· Provide examples from the literature to support the points you are making.

Example Assessment: You may use the following to give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the scoring guide would look like:

·

Assessment 4 Example [PDF]


 Download Assessment 4 Example [PDF]
.

Additional Requirements

Your assessment should also meet the following requirements:

·
Length: 4–6 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the title page and reference page.

·
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.

·
APA tutorial: Use the 

APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX]
 for guidance.

·
Written communication: Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.

·
Using outside sources: Integrate information from outside sources into academic writing by appropriately quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, following APA style.

·
References: Integrate information from outside sources to include at least three scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles and three in-text citations within the paper.

·
APA format: Follow current APA guidelines for in-text citations of outside sources in the body of your paper and also on the reference page.

Organize your paper using the following structure and headings:

·
Title page. A separate page.

·
Introduction. A brief one-paragraph statement about the purpose of the paper.

·
Elements of the problem/issue. Identify the elements of the problem or issue or question.

·
Analysis. Analyze, define, and frame the problem or issue.

·
Considering options. Consider solutions, responses, or answers.

·
Solution. Choose a solution, response, or answer.

·
Ethical implications. Ethical implications of implementing the solution.

·
Implementation. Implementation of the potential solution.

·
Conclusion. One paragraph.

Case Study #1

/in /by

 A 72-year-old woman presents to her regular primary care physician (PCP) with a 2-day history of fatigue, malaise 

Nursing D. Saa Cultural APA Assignment 3

/in /by

  Discussion Post Topic #3: Conduct an evaluation of your current neighborhood or place of work. Are there any population shifts? If so, what are the cultural demographics, and has healthcare made transitions to address these transitions.Sections of the assignment must include:

  • Introduction
  • Focus points covered in the discussion posts
  • Any arguments and rationales for your stance
  • Conclusion or Summary

The components of your APA Assignment includes the following:

  • The assignment must be completed on a word document.
  • Your APA  Assignment must include a title page (Refer to Purdue OWL).
  • All in-text citations must be used when paraphrasing or quoting a previous author.
  • All references must reflect the in-text citations used.
  • All reference sources must be within the past 5 years unless it is the works of a nurse theorist or a significant reference material.
  • The length of the assignment must be 750-1000 words. Please pay attention to spelling and grammar. Points are deducted for repeat offenders.
  • Upon completion of the assignment, you must submit the assignment via Turnitin.com, and please note that your plagiarism score should be no more than 20%. If you score higher, please make adjustments.
  • (Please refer to the APA Grading rubric for additional assistance in completing your assignment).
  • You may reach out to the College Writing Center for further assistance.
  • Please refer to the course grading rubric on your syllabus for assignment specifics.

Connecting the social determinant of health to health outcome

/in /by

what is a good example of connecting health outcome to social determinant?

Nursing

/in /by

  

Hello, this work is on Advanced Pathophysiology, it must have a minimum of 300 words and a bibliographic reference. The bibliography used on the topic is McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: the biological basis of diseases in adults and children. But you can use another one in addition to this one. 

A 23-year-old healthy man has been unable to father a child. He and his wife have a workup for infertility. His wife’s reproductive function is normal. On physical examination both his testes are palpable in the scrotum and the testes and scrotum are normal in size, with no masses palpable. However, the spermatic cord on the left has the feel of a ‘bag of worms’. Laboratory studies show oligospermia. Which of the following conditions is this man most likely to have? Explain your answer.

A Hydrocele

B Testicular torsion

C Spermatocele

D Varicocele

E Seminoma 

ASSESSING THE GENITALIA AND RECTUM

/in /by

 

Using evidence-based resources from your search, answer the following questions and support your answers using current evidence from the literature.

  • Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
  • Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
  • Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or why not?
  • Would diagnostics be appropriate for this case, and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
  • Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature.

synthesis Letter

/in /by

Implementation of non-pharmacological therapies improves functional mobility and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease.

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Course name and code

Professor’s name

Due date

Implementation of non-pharmacological therapies improves functional mobility and quality of life in Parkinson's disease.

Introduction

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition that significantly impacts the quality of life for those influenced (Cristini et al., 2021). While pharmacological therapies play a crucial role in managing the disease, there is a developing interest in non-pharmacological therapies to complement conventional treatments. One such area of interest is the impact of physical exercises, such as boxing and sensory exercises, on the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This study, conducted by Sangarapillai and colleagues in 2021, examines the potential benefits of these interventions on motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease (Cristini et al., 2021). This research aims to contribute to the understanding of non-pharmacological approaches in treating Parkinson's disease and to evaluate their viability in improving motor functioning and overall well-being.

Background of the study

Motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, tremors, inflexibility, and postural instability, characterize Parkinson's disease. These symptoms regularly lead to functional impairment and a diminished quality of life. While pharmacological medicines, such as levodopa, have been the pillar of Parkinson's management, they may have limitations, including side effects and reduced efficacy over time. Non-pharmacological interventions have developed as potential aides to address these limitations. One such approach includes physical exercises, including boxing and sensory exercises (Tunur et al., 2020). Studies have shown that exercises can improve balance, gait, and overall motor function in individuals with Parkinson's disease. However, there is a need for more thorough research to assess the adequacy of particular exercise interventions. In this setting, the PICO question investigates whether boxing and sensory exercises, as non-pharmacological mediations, can significantly affect motor symptoms in people with Parkinson’s (Tunur et al., 2020). The study points to supply insights that can educate the advancement of more holistic and effective management strategies for this neurodegenerative condition.

Significance of the study

Understanding the significance and importance of investigating the impact of non-pharmacological mediations, such as boxing and sensory exercises, on motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease is essential. Parkinson's disease is a weakening neurodegenerative condition affecting millions worldwide, significantly affecting their quality of life. The motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, tremors, and postural instability, frequently lead to marked limitations and loss of independence. The existing pharmacological treatments, while effective to some extent, may come with side effects and may lose efficacy over time. This highlights the need for alternative and complementary approaches to upgrade the management of this condition. Non-pharmacological interventions, like workout programs, hold promise in addressing these limitations, as they offer potential benefits for motor symptoms and overall well-being. Research in this area is significant to recognize evidence-based interventions that can improve the lives of people with Parkinson's disease and give healthcare experts more comprehensive tools for care.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

Quality and Safety education for nurses (QSEN) competencies are significant for guaranteeing that nurses give safe and high-quality care. There are six QSEN competencies, and each plays a vital role in nursing. They include patient-centered care, teamwork, quality advancement, and safety. (QSEN) competencies guarantee that nurses provide safe, high-quality care. Patient-centered care emphasizes administering medications to individual patient needs, guaranteeing responsive and personalized care that upgrades the quality of life. Teamwork and collaboration are significant for planning multidisciplinary care groups to supply complementary therapies effectively. Evidence-based practice guarantees that the choice of non-pharmacological treatments is established within the best available research, adjusting to patients' goals. Quality improvement involves ongoing assessment to upgrade the adequacy of these treatments, eventually contributing to better patient care. Safety measures are fundamental to ensure patients are protected while administering complementary services. At the same time, informatics skills help in data management to monitor patient progress and make informed care choices. These competencies collectively advance holistic, evidence-based, secure, patient-centered care in Parkinson's disease management.

Teamwork and collaboration stand at the center of providing effective and patient-centered healthcare. In the ever-evolving nursing scene, where patients frequently require care from diverse healthcare professionals, working collaboratively is not only a valuable skill but also an essential competency. For people living with chronic conditions like Parkinson's disease, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary, enveloping the skills of nurses, physical therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, and more. In this context, the “Teamwork and Collaboration” competency becomes fundamental in guaranteeing that care is comprehensive and harmonized. This competency goes past mere interaction; it fosters a culture of communication, mutual respect, and shared decision-making among healthcare providers to attain the highest standard of patient care. In this elaboration, we look into the importance of teamwork and collaboration, investigating how it supports quality and safety in healthcare, especially in individuals with Parkinson's disease.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Article one

Type of Research Study

The study described is a multicenter randomized controlled trial that aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of combining electro-acupuncture with conventional pharmacotherapy for motor dysfunction and constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease (Li et al., 2023). The study included 166 patients from seven hospitals in China and used Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores and bowel frequency as dependent variables. This study used computer-generated random sequences. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 software. The results showed that combining electro-acupuncture with conventional treatment significantly improved motor function and bowel frequency in Parkinson's disease patients. Strengths of this study include its well-designed nature, large sample size, and adherence to reporting guidelines, while limitations include a specific geographic focus and lack of a sham acupuncture group. This study provides high-quality Level I evidence for the efficacy and safety of electro-acupuncture in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (Li et al., 2023).

Purpose of Research Study

The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of electro-acupuncture combined with conventional pharmacotherapy in the treatment of motor dysfunction and constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease. Li et al., (2023) conducted research using a well-designed randomized controlled trial with a sufficient sample size and provided high-quality evidence. The main research question centred on evaluating the effects of electro-acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy on motor function and bowel frequency in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Population of the Research Study

The research population in this study consisted of 166 patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, who were recruited from seven hospitals in China. The mean age of the patients was 63.5 years, with a majority of them being male (62.7%). The participants had an average disease duration of 5.6 years and an average Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score of 32.1 at the beginning of the study (Li et al., 2023).

Methods of Research Study

The research method used in this study was a multicenter randomized controlled trial conducted in China, involving 166 patients with Parkinson's disease, and aimed to investigate the effectiveness and the safety of combining electro-acupuncture with conventional drug treatment for motor dysfunction and constipation in these patients. (Li et al., 2023). The study aimed to evaluate the effects of electro-acupuncture on motor function and bowel frequency in patients with Parkinson's disease by comparing the change in scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Frequency distribution between the electro-acupuncture group and control group after 12 weeks of treatment. This study provides valid Level I evidence, showing significant improvement in motor function and stool frequency with electro-acupuncture combined with pharmacological treatment.

Findings of the Research Study

According to Li et al. (2023), the efficacy and safety of combining electro-acupuncture with conventional pharmacological treatment were investigated in 166 patients with Parkinson's disease. The study revealed that the use of electro-acupuncture in combination with conventional pharmacological treatment significantly improved both motor function and bowel movement frequency in these patients compared to conventional treatment alone. Specifically, the mean change in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score from baseline to week 12 was significantly greater in the electro-acupuncture group (mean difference -4.2, 95% CI -6.1 to -2.3, P<0.001), and the mean change in bowel movement frequency from baseline to week 12 was also significantly greater in the electro-acupuncture group (mean difference 0.5, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.8, P=0.001). Notably, no serious adverse events were reported in either group. The study, characterized by a large sample size and rigorous methodology, provides robust Level I evidence suggesting that combining electro-acupuncture with traditional pharmacological treatment is a valuable approach to treating motor dysfunction and constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the study, such as the concentration on one country and the lack of a sham acupuncture group, which requires further research to clarify the specific effects of electro-acupuncture and to assess the generalizability to other populations.

Article two

Type of Research Study

Sangarapillai et al. (2021) used a double-blinded parallel-group randomized controlled trial to explore the impacts of boxing and sensory exercises on motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The design was characterized as an intervention study, with a sample estimate of roughly 40 members who were randomly assigned to either the boxing or sensory exercise group. This study design permitted for a thorough examination of the impact of these interventions on motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (Sangarapillai et al., 2021).

Purpose of the Research Study

The study aims to examine the impacts of boxing and sensory exercise interventions on motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease. The research question rotated around evaluating the impacts of these non-pharmacological interventions, which are relevant in improving motor function and advancing social interaction among this population. This investigation, conducted at the Movement Disorders Research and Rehabilitation Center, Wildrid Laurie College, centered on the intervention groups' advance in motor symptoms, as measured by the Unified Parkinson’s Illness Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) and unbiased computerized gait data (Sangarapillai et al., 2021).

Population of the Research Study

The study's test comprised 40 participants with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, chosen from the Movement Disorders Research and Rehabilitation Center at Wildrid Laurie College. The independent variable was the type of workout interventions (boxing or sensory). In contrast, the dependent variable was motor symptoms, surveyed using the United Parkinson's Illness Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) and unbiased computerized gait data. Outstandingly, the study can be classified as Level I evidence, emphasizing its high-quality controlled trial design (Sangarapillai et al., 2021).

Methods of the Research Study

According to the study's statistical results, a double-blinded parallel-group randomized controlled trial with roughly 40 members diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease was carried out to examine the impacts of boxing and sensory exercises on motor symptoms. The statistical examinations included free t-tests to evaluate comparability, a 2-factor blended repeated-measures ANOVA to investigate the essential result degree (UPDRS-III), and repeated-measures ANOVA to examine auxiliary result measures. (Sangarapillai et al., 2021).

Findings of the Research Study

The study uncovered that both boxing and sensory exercise interventions brought about noteworthy improvements in motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The UPDRS-III scores have a significant primary impact on groups, with both groups showing improvement over time. The PD SAFEx group displayed more significant changes than the RSB gathered at post-assessment and washout. The study suggested the need for larger-scale trials to upgrade the generalizability of results and proposed consideration of a heart rate screen for more precise monitoring during exercises (Sangarapillai et al., 2021).

Synthesis

Both studies looked at non-pharmacological medications to improve motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease, focusing on diverse approaches. The first study by Li e., al. (2023) looked at the combination of electro-acupuncture with conventional pharmacological treatments. On the other hand, the study by Sangarapillai et al. (2021) explored the effects of boxing and sensory exercise on motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and both interventions led to significant improvements in motor side effects. Both studies utilized a randomized controlled design and reported an improvement in motor symptoms. In the electro-acupuncture study, motor symptoms and bowel frequency were significantly improved compared with the control group due to the well-designed trial, large sample size, and adherence to reporting guidelines as strengths. However, the limitation of the study site in China and the lack of a sham acupuncture group raised questions about the generalizability and specificity of the intervention effect.

In contrast, the sensory training and boxing study also showed critical improvement in motor symptoms, with the PD SAFEx (sensory exercise) showing greater benefits than the RSB bunch (Boxing). This study was a well-designed double-blind randomized controlled trial with fair stride information and a washout period to survey the durability of the intervention. However, the sample size was relatively small and the participants’ diversity was limited, which may influence the generalizability of the outcome. Both studies give an important understanding of non-pharmacological approaches to managing motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease, with each having its advantages and limitations. While electro-acupuncture may provide a more specific therapeutic intervention, boxing and sensory exercises may offer a more social and available option for patients (Sangarapillai et al., 2021; Li et al., 2023).

Nursing Practice

Implications for nursing practice

Nursing practice should prioritize a holistic care approach that addresses the varied needs of people with Parkinson's disease. This approach recognizes that the impacts of the illness expand past physical side effects and include emotional, mental, and social effects. Nurses are instrumental in advancing this holistic point of view by evaluating patients' general well-being, understanding their one-of-a-kind challenges, and planning care that manages symptoms and improves the overall quality of life. By implementing a holistic approach, nurses can assist patients and their families in coping with the emotional and psychological aspects of living with Parkinson's disease. This may include encouraging support groups, offering counselling services, and providing resources for managing depression and anxiety, which are common in Parkinson's patients. Moreover, physical treatment, workout programs, and assistive devices can improve a patient's functional independence by tending to mobility issues, a significant disease characteristic. A holistic approach, which considers the patient's physical, emotional, and social needs, is essential in improving the overall care experience for individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Best practice

Best practices within the context of Parkinson's disease and the integration of non-pharmacological complementary therapies with pharmacological treatments are based on evidence and a patient-centered approach. Multidisciplinary Care is one of the best practices to embrace. This includes collaboration between healthcare professionals such as neurologists, nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and psychologists. These specialists work together to make an individualized care plan that addresses different perspectives of the disease. Multidisciplinary care guarantees that the patient's physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs are met successfully. Patient-Centered Care Plans is another best care practice. Each person with Parkinson's disease experiences the condition differently, hence the need to involve patients in the decision-making process. This collaborative approach empowers patients and increases their participation in their own care, ultimately leading to better outcomes and improved quality of life.

QSEN and Best practice

The best practice aligns with Qsen competency by emphasizing multidisciplinary cooperation, shared decision-making, and tailored holistic patient care. Incorporating these best practices ensures that all individuals with Parkinson's disease receive comprehensive, personalized care that considers both pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, leading to better management of symptoms and quality of life.

QSEN competency in nursing practice

Patient centered care impacts the care given to patients by cultivating a profound understanding of each patient's one of a kind needs, values, and preferences. This, in turn, advances the delivery of individualized and compassionate care that addresses their emotional and mental wellbeing. In addition, this approach encourages communication and collaboration among the healthcare team. By effectively including patients and their families in decision-making, medical caretakers can guarantee that care plans are comprehensive and custom fitted to meet the patient's goals and expectations, ultimately enhancing the quality of care. By recognizing the importance of Patient-Centered Care, nursing practice advances the accessibility of resources, because it underscores the significance of resource allocation based on the individualized needs. This approach empowers nurses to build strong, trusting connections with their patients, resulting in a holistic and compassionate approach to healthcare.

Nursing Education

QSEN and Educational provision

Nursing education about Parkinson's disease plays a vital role in its management. It integrates teamwork and collaboration QSEN competency through team-based learning and simulation scenarios. Practicing nurses are among the people who need to receive education. Advancing education is imperative for practicing nurses. Workshops, classes, and online courses can assist nurses to remain up to date with the most recent research and best practices in managing Parkinson's disease. This instruction should emphasize the significance of a patient-centered, multidisciplinary approach and give benefits for executing non-pharmacological treatments. Practicing nurses, including those in different healthcare settings, should be well-informed about the most recent treatment choices and be able to teach patients and their families. Nurses must also educate other individuals on the healthcare team, including physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech specialists, about the benefits of integrating non-pharmacological therapies in Parkinson's care. Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential, and educating these professionals about the role of nursing and the potential advantages of complementary therapies is crucial in providing the best care possible.

Population to Receive Education

Patients and their families should also know about the disease and its management. Nurses should give clear, justifiable information on the disease, accessible treatment choices, and the benefits of non-pharmacological treatments, enabling patients and families with information to make a difference and effectively take an interest in decision-making and self-management, driving to better treatment and quality of life. By teaching this population, nurses can contribute to a comprehensive and patient-centered approach to Parkinson's disease care that integrates non-pharmacological therapies successfully.

Challenges in disseminating information

One critical issue in disseminating healthcare information, including information on Parkinson's disease and complementary therapies, is the presence of health challenges. Socioeconomic factors, geographic location, and systemic inequities drive these challenges. Access to quality healthcare data can be constrained for underserved and marginalized populations, resulting in unequal health outcomes. Those in low-income communities or remote areas may not have the same access to healthcare resources or educative materials, making it challenging to get convenient and essential information about managing Parkinson's disease.

Another challenge is information overload and quality assurance. In the digital age, plenty of information is available online; while this is advantageous, it also presents a challenge in information overload. Patients and caregivers may encounter overwhelming conflict or wrong data, making it troublesome to obtain reliable sources. Ensuring up-to-date information is challenging as new information is continuously emerging daily.

Recommendations for Education

One of the recommendations for providing education includes using Interactive education such as group discussions, case studies, and hands-on activities. Interactive learning can improve engagement and retention of information. Within the context of Parkinson's disease and complementary therapies, interactive sessions can allow patients and their families to ask questions, share encounters, and effectively take an interest in their care planning. These recommendations aim to make healthcare education more engaging and patient-centered.

Nursing research

Recommendations for further Research

Recommendations for further clinical and professional practice include Caregiver Education, support, and a personalized treatment plan. These recommendations point to improve the individualized and holistic care provided to Parkinson's patients and supporting the caregivers who play a critical part in their care journey.

Authors recommendations

The authors have made several proposals for the articles concerning Parkinson's disease and its management. Some of the suggestions include randomized assessment and Larger-Scale trials to address the selection bias identified in the study and give a more random and unbiased assessment program. Another proposal is an extended follow-up period and cross-cultural studies that aim to understand better Parkinson's disease and program effectiveness in different countries and cultures (Landers et al., 2019).

REFERENCES

Cristini, J., Weiss, M., De Las Heras, B., Medina-Rincón, A., Dagher, A., Postuma, R. B., Huber, R., Doyon, J., Rosa-Neto, P., Carrier, J., Amara, A. W., & Roig, M. (2021). The effects of exercise on sleep quality in persons with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. 
Sleep Medicine Reviews, 
55, 101384.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101384

Landers, M. R., Navalta, J. W., Murtishaw, A. S., Kinney, J. W., & Richardson, S. P. (2019). A high-intensity exercise boot camp for persons with Parkinson's disease: a phase II, pragmatic, randomized clinical trial of feasibility, safety, signal of efficacy, and disease mechanisms. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 43(1), 12-25.
https://doi.org/10.1097/npt.0000000000000249

Li, K., Xu, S., Wang, R., Zou, X., Liu, H., Fan, C., & Wu, H. (2023). Electro acupuncture for motor dysfunction and constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled multicentre trial. Clinical medicine, 56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101814

Sangarapillai, K., Norman, B. M., & Almeida, Q. J. (2021). Boxing vs sensory exercise for Parkinson’s disease: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 35(9), 769-777.
https://doi.org/10.1177/15459683211023197

Tunur, T., DeBlois, A., Yates-Horton, E., Rickford, K., & Columna, L. A. (2020). Augmented reality-based dance intervention for individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. 
Disability and Health Journal, 
13(2), 100848.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.100848

‌

‌