PLEASE RESPOND TO THE FOLLOWING IN 50 WORDS OR MORE:

BARRIER #9: VARYING EDUCATION LEVELS AMONG NURSES

Nurses play an important role in transforming health care; therefore, effective nurse leadership is required. Rising medical costs, increased competition among medical institutions and high demand for quality medical services are particularly calling for the efficient management of medical institutions, subsequently increasing the demand for nurses with management and leadership skills. Within nursing contexts, leadership creates an environment that both influences nurses to improve the quality of nursing care and motivates and empowers them through a clear vision. Effective leadership from management inspires positive behaviors in staff, such as organizational citizenship behaviors, further job satisfaction and organizational commitment. So, education is necessary to continuously improve nursing leadership abilities. Moreover, nurses can effectively incorporate their leadership education into their nursing practices and enhance nursing organizations’ performance, while advancing the profession by providing leadership opportunities. The role of the nurse is changing with the transformation of healthcare, but unfortunately, the level of education typically remains the same, as evidenced by the small percentage of nurses who pursue higher levels of education. Baccalaureate education with its broader, more scientific base provides the sound foundation for the variety of nursing positions and for entry to advanced nursing education and practice. The barriers include a lack of specific education that is focused on clinical leadership and health team management, feeling devalued by the system, and a lack of a structural pathway of learning and development for the registered nurses. Although, all nurses cannot financially support themselves to achieve baccalaureate education requirements.

Nursing leaders’ perception of nursing leadership was extended to nurses, organizations and nursing professions. Competency, capability, innate personality and traits are required nursing abilities that are acquired through education. Nursing leaders view nursing leadership as a broad, multidimensional concept and are keenly aware of the importance of education in its improvement over the long term. 

Reference:

Kim, H. O., Lee, I., & Lee, B. S. (2022). Nursing leaders’ perceptions of the state of nursing leadership and the need for nursing leadership education reform: A qualitative content analysis from South Korea. Journal of nursing management, 30(7), 2216–2226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13596

Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion

Unit 7 Medications for Psychosis and Schizophrenia Related Disorders 600W. APA. 4 references due 10-17-23.

Answer the following questions:

Which antipsychotics are considered first-generation and why are they used less often than second generation antipsychotics? Are second-generation antipsychotics more effective?

Compare and contrast the following conditions: Tardive Dyskinesia, Acute Dystonia, Athetosis, and Tics.

Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with in-text citations and corresponding references in APA format.

Use as a guide please do not copy this information. Also please use the textbook

1. Which antipsychotics are considered first-generation and why are they used less often than second generation antipsychotics? Are second-generation antipsychotics more effective? First generation antipsychotics, also referred to as “typical antipsychotics” were developed in the 1950s. Commonly prescribed first-generation antipsychotics include: Loxitane (loxapine); Mellaril (thioridazine); Moban (molindone); Navane (thiothixene); Prolixin (fluphenazine); Serentil (mesoridazine); Stelazine (trifluoperazine); Trilafon (perphenazine); and Thorazine (chlorpromazine). These first-generation antipsychotics are used less often than second generation antipsychotics because these medications have a high risk of side effects and some of those side effects can be severe. Second-generation antipsychotics, also known as “atypical antipsychotics,” were developed in the 1980s. Second-generation antipsychotics have more metabolic symptoms, including obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia (Heldt, 2017; Stahl et al., 2021). Side effects from first-generation antipsychotics include extrapyramidal effects, such as tardive dyskinesia, rigidity, tremors, and seizures. There is no evidence that second generation antipsychotics are significantly more effective than first generation antipsychotics in the treatment of cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Stahl et al., 2021; Stroup, et al., 2003). 2. Compare and contrast the following conditions: Tardive Dyskinesia, Acute Dystonia, Athetosis, and Tics. Tardive dyskinesia is one of the symptoms of long-term use of a first -generation antipsychotic. It is a condition where there is constant or rhythmic involuntary movements that usually involves the muscles of the mouth. It can appear as lip smacking, chewing, excessive eye blinking, grimacing. These symptoms appear slowly over time. Tardive dyskinesia will not go away once the antipsychotic is stopped, it can become irreversible if present for too long. The risk of a patient developing tardive dyskinesia goes up with every year of continuous treatment. TD is specific to the use of antipsychotics (Heldt, 2017). Acute dystonia can develop within the first few hours of a patient receiving an antipsychotic. It is a sustained and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle group- usually involving the face or neck muscles. This is an easily reversible side effect and is managed with an anticholinergic drug such as Benadryl or Cogentin. This condition This study source was downloaded by 100000769192234 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2023 17:34:58 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/123197773/Discussion-7docx/ can resolve within a few minutes of proper medication and will not leave any long-term effects (Heldt, 2017). Athetosis is slow, involuntary, writhing movements of fingers, hands, toes and feet. Patients with this condition cannot maintain a stable or still position and when patients attempt to try to control the movements, symptoms can get worse. Athetosis is often a longterm symptom of continued use of first-generation antipsychotics (Holland, 2018). Tics are distinguished from EPS symptoms by the fact that tics are most commonly brief movements are able to be suppressed. Tics are sudden, rapid and repetitive movement (motor tics) or vocalizations (vocal tics). Those with tics feel the urge building up inside them before the tic appears, they these individuals report a feeling of relief after the tic is over. Although tics are involuntary, tics stop during sleep and patients can suppress the urge for short periods of time with effort (Martino, 2020). Heldt, J. P. (2017). Memorable psychopharmacology. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. Holland, K. (2018, July 18). What Is Athetosis? Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/athetosis Martino, D. (2020). Update on the Treatment of Tics in Tourette Syndrome and Other Chronic Tic Disorders. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-020-0620-z Stahl, S., Muntner, N., & Grady, M. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and clinical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Stroup, T. S., McEvoy, J. P., Swartz, M. S., Byerly, M. J., Glick, I. D., Canive, J. M., McGee, M. F., Simpson, G. M., Stevens, M. C., & Lieberman, J. A. (2003). The National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE)

Citing scholarly resources in your work is required throughout your program. This week, you will support your organizational ethics presentation using at least two sources. Share your chosen topic and the key words and search strategies you used with your peers so that you can review each other’s work and provide peer-to-peer feedback. Also, describe what you think are the most important search features when narrowing down topics in the databases and why.

 

Mrs. Williams is a 27-year-old female diagnosed with breast cancer. She is currently in pharmacy school. She does not have children, but hopes to have them someday. She has been tested and has a genetic predisposition for this disease.

• What treatment options does she have?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of those treatment options?
• What would you tell Mrs. Williams if she decided to refuse treatment?
• Mrs. Williams really wants to have children before she starts treatment. What would you educate her about? Why? Remember that your posts must exhibit appropriate writing mechanics including using proper language, cordiality, and proper grammar and punctuation. If you refer to any outside sources or reference materials, be sure to provide proper attribution and/or citation.

Initial post requirement must be 250 words minimum. The 2 peer responses must be 150 words minimum each.