Week 3 ion channel —3 Peer Response 800w. due9-20-23

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Week 3 ion channel —3 Peer Response 800w. due9-20-23

Instructions:

Please read and respond to the two peers' initial postings for week 2 below. Consider the following questions in your responses.

Compare and contrast your initial posting with those of your peers.  

1. How are they similar or how are they different?

2. What information can you add that would help support the responses of your peers?

3. Ask your peers a question for clarification about their post.

4. What most interests you about their responses? 

5. Summaries at least 1 evidence based article that supports there point.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.

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Response 1 400 words

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Week 3 Discussion: Ion Channels

Compare and contrast the two different major classes of ion channels.

The two different major classes of ion channels are ligand-gated ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels, both of which are membrane proteins that play a vital role in regulating cell membrane potential and neuron communication (Stahl, 2021). Ligand-gated ion channels are also referred to as ionotropic receptors, this is because LGIC is both a receptor and channel and thus serves a dual function (Stahl, 2021). LGIC are made of amino acids and contain multiple binding sites to bind ligands such as neurotransmitters, ions, and drugs, allowing ions to either bind to a receptor or travel through the channel (Stahl, 2021). Voltage-gated ion channels are channels that mediate nerve conduction, action potential, and neurotransmitter release (Stahl, 2021). These channels are controlled by the change in ionic charge or voltage across the cell membrane (Stahl, 2021). Voltage-gated ion channels tend to be more selective, allowing the influx of only one ion at a time, whereas ligand-gated channels are less selective in nature and allow different types of ions to pass through the channel (Alberts, 2002).

Explain the difference between full agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists.

An agonist is a ligand that binds to a receptor changing its state to result in a response (Stahl, 2021). The difference between full agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist is that a full agonist leads to maximum signal transduction, whereas a partial agonist does not reach maximum signal transduction even with full receptor occupancy and can act as an antagonist in the presence of a full agonist (Stahl, 2021). Antagonists, on the other hand, is a ligand that binds to a receptor inhibiting its agonist-stimulated response (Stahl, 2021). Inverse agonists are ligands that when binding to a receptor cause a decrease in signal transduction, thus, their effect is the opposite of an agonist (Stahl, 2021).

References

Alberts, B. (2002). Ion channels and the electrical properties of membranes. Molecular Biology of the Cell – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26910/

Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108975292

Response 2. 400 words

1.
Compare and contrast the two different major classes of ion channels.

To start this discussion board I would like to define what are ion channels. Ion channels are membrane proteins, which play a major role in regulating cellular excitability. There are 3 major ion channels but for this homework assignment, I will compare and contrast voltage-gated ion channels and Ligand-Gated Ion Channels (LGIC).

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Ligand-gated ion channels open when a chemical ligand such as a neurotransmitter binds to the protein (Libretexts, 2023).

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Voltage channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential (Libretexts, 2023). Ion channels can be classified by how they respond to the environment.

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Ligand-gated ion channel’s permeability is greatly increased when some type of chemical ligand binds to the protein structure (Libretexts, 2023)

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Voltage-gated channels respond to disturbances in cell membrane potential and are highly selective for specific ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride (Ratan, 2018).

1.
Explain the difference between full agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists.


Full agonists


Partial agonist


Antagonist


Inverse agonists

A molecule or chemical compound that can bind to a receptor and activate the receptor therefore causing a biological response (Agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, 2019)

A molecule or chemical compound that can bind to a receptor and “weakly activate the receptor below maximum response (Agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, 2019)

A molecule or chemical compound that binds to the receptor but does not cause any activation in the receptor, therefore not causing any biological response (Agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, 2019)

Molecule of chemical compound that can bind to a receptor leading to deactivation, and decreasing the baseline activity of the receptor (Agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, 2019)

 

 

 

 

References:

Agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist. PharmaEducation. (2023, August 11). https://pharmaeducation.net/agonist-partial-agonist-antagonist-inverse-agonist/

Libretexts. (2023, January 17). 10.5b: Ion Channels. Medicine LibreTexts. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/10%3A_Overview_of_the_Nervous_System/10.5%3A_Neurophysiology/10.5B%3A_Ion_Channels

Ratan , N. (2018, October 26). Types of ion channels in the body. News. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of-Ion-Channels-

Discusison Post-

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 Please answer the questions below.

  1. What must be included in the result and discussion section of the research assignment?
  2. Select a research result and state whether it includes the necessary elements. Why and why not?

Submission Instructions:

  • Post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.

Emergency Preparedness & Health Policy

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  • How your work environment prepares and responds to emergency preparedness (you may choose natural or man-made emergencies)? 
  • How do you see health policy impacting nursing practice in preparing for emergencies?

sociology discussion 4

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Respond to two (2) of the following prompts:

  1. How has U.S. society’s understanding of race and ethnicity evolved over time? Why do the cultural explanations for race and ethnicity exceed the biological ones? What impact does constantly evolving terminology related to race and ethnicity have on racial and ethnic relations in the U.S.? (USLO 4.1)
  2. Explore and identify your community’s racial and ethnic demographics. What are some of the racial and ethnic conversations taking place in your community? How would you rate intergroup interactions among members of your community on a scale of tolerant to intolerant? Consider if notions like pluralism, amalgamation, expulsion, and genocide apply to your community. (USLO 4.2, 4.3)
  3. Compare and contrast the strengths and limitations of the theoretical perspectives on race and ethnicity. Is it beneficial to have several theoretical viewpoints on race and ethnicity, or should we focus on developing a single theory to study racism and ethnic oppression? Which theory do you find most compelling and likely to promote social justice? (USLO 4.4)

CONTROVERSY ASSOCIATED WITH PERSONALITY AND PARAPHILIC DISORDERS

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TO PREPARE

· Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider the insights they provide on assessing, diagnosing, and treating personality and paraphilic disorders.

· Select a specific personality or paraphilic disorder from the 
DSM-5-TR to use for this Assignment.

· Use the Walden Library to investigate your chosen disorder further, including controversial aspects of the disorder, maintaining the therapeutic relationship, and ethical and legal considerations. 

THE ASSIGNMENT

In 2–3 pages:

· Explain the controversy that surrounds your selected disorder.

· Explain your professional beliefs about this disorder, supporting your rationale with at least three scholarly references from the literature.

· Explain strategies for maintaining the therapeutic relationship with a patient that may present with this disorder.

· Finally, explain ethical and legal considerations related to this disorder that you need to bring to your practice and why they are important.

INSECTION PROTECTION

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Atopic Eczema

Interdisciplinary teams

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We have now learned about a number of different careers in Health Professions. What should be evident is that no one in health works alone. Interdisciplinary teams are key to providing good care for patients. An interdisciplinary team is ” a group of healthcare providers from different fields who work together or toward the same goal to provide the best care or best outcome for a patient or group of patients.” 

In 2 paragraphs (3-5 sentences each) please describe an interdisciplinary healthcare team as you envision it. Be specific, list 4 different healthcare professionals you would see treating a patient in the hospital. (You can decide the illness the patient has to give you freedom to be creative with your team. ) Then describe their role on the team and how they work together. 

HEALTHY EATING FOR A HEALTHY WEIGHT

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Write a two page paper on healthy eating for weight loss. Include information on my page. Use resource from only the CDC website

module 2

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This discussion is based on a story of an 18-month old named Josie King that lost her life because of a medical error. Josie's mother used the settlement money to create the Josie King Foundation to help reduce the mortality rate by encouraging hospitals to adopt patient-safety programs.

Instructions:

1. Read the 

Josie's Story Teaches Hospitals How to Become SaferLinks to an external site.
.

2. Read the following safety techniques for patients:

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For Caregivers Links to an external site.

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Patient Safety Links to an external site.

3. Watch the 

Josie King StoryLinks to an external site.
 video.

4. Write your feelings about Josie and the culture of hiding mistakes and the approximately 98,000 persons that die each year in America because of medical errors.

5. Answer the questions as thoroughly and concisely as possible.

· Be sure to reference any works that you utilize in answering the questions (Be sure that references are in APA format).

6. Please respond to at least one (1) of your classmate's posting.

Isama

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Nicole Washington 

        Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of  psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist  functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.

Neurotransmitters and some drugs that stimulate receptors are  called agonists. Agonists stimulate receptors to their fullest signal  transduction. Drugs that act as agonists are useful in patients who lack  or are deficient in agonist neurotransmitters. In situations where the  actions of a full agonist or partial agonists are undesirable, an  antagonist is required to revert the receptor back to the state where no  agonist exists, back to neutral. Partial agonists act as they sound,  and produce a conformational change of a receptor that is halfway  between the changes of a full agonist and the baseline conformation of  that receptor. An antagonist can also reverse the effects of inverse  agonists to the receptors baseline. An inverse agonist acts to change  the conformation of a receptor to completely inactivate it and remove  the baseline constitutive activity. 

Compare and contrast the actions of g coupled proteins and ion gated channels.

Both G protein coupled receptors and Ion gated channels are a  form of signal transduction cascades in the brain. They are both  triggered by neurotransmitters, and many of the psychotropic drugs used  today affect one of these two cascades. They both perform when an  extracellular first messenger passes a message to an intracellular  second messenger. However, G protein’s second messenger is a chemical,  such as adenosine monophosphate, while the ion channel second messenger  can be an ion, such as calcium. There are two classes of ion channels,  Ligand gated and voltage sensitive ion channels. The ligand gated ion  channels act similar to g protein receptors because they use the agonist  spectrum. Voltage sensitive ion channels are opened and closed based on  the voltage charge across the membrane.

Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.

Epigenetics determines if inherited genes are expressed or not  expressed into proteins that make up the story of any one person. The  mechanism of epigenetics turns genes on or off by modifying chromatin.  These modifications are regulated by neurotransmitters, drugs and the  environment. So drugs introduced to patients can affect a person’s  epigenetics.

Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe  medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or  case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse  practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

Understanding the way medications will affect patients based on  their genetic makeup, their current medications, the condition being  treated, what causes the imbalance, is all important when prescribing  medications. For example imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant,  inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, elevating these  neurotransmitters in the brain. It is important to understand if this is  the cause of the patients depression before prescribing this medication  because if incorrectly prescribed it could alter the patients  epigenetic mechanisms in an inverse way (Boks, et al. 2012).